Within the category of anxiety disorders, DSM-5 includes separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. It is noteworthy that with the advent of DSM-5, there have been changes in the classification of anxiety. There is a definite need to better understand the underlying brain mechanisms that will inform new neuroscientifically based treatment approaches. Although effective pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments exist, numerous individuals fail to get better, and many of the individuals who do respond require long-term treatment. Regardless of the primary psychiatric illness, the presence of clinically significant anxiety in general predicts worse outcomes. In children and adolescents, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is estimated to be between 15% and 20% ( 3). According to data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication study ( 2) of individuals at least 18 years of age, estimates of the 12-month prevalence of anxiety disorders are 18%, and like mood disorders, there is an approximate two-to-one female prevalence during women’s reproductive years. Anxiety disorders usually begin during childhood, result in significant suffering and disability, and are associated with a chronic and recurrent lifetime course. In addition, anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with one another and with other psychiatric illnesses. Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric illnesses ( 1), and anxiety as a symptom is ubiquitous across all psychiatric conditions.
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